Sunday, April 26, 2015

Medical Technologies of the future !!!



Introduction 
  • Introduce 6 technologies that will shape the future of medical industry
  • Key areas : 
    • Remote Monitoring, 
    • Improving patient experience, 
    • Miniaturization of technologies > no one wants to wear bulky devices
    • Reduce time spent on diagnosis and surgeries
    • Painless surgeries
    • Future Research
    • Reduction in cost

   


1. Swati Satish : 3d Printing of Human Organs

2. Swathi Nimmala : Robotic Drawing of Blood

3. Hiral Shah : Ambulance Drone

4. Chintan : E-Prescribing 

5. Abu : Visimobile Patient Monitoring System > helping paramedics !

6. Puja : future research in ehealth

Saturday, April 25, 2015

PubMed Relevant PDF's :



1. The Current Status of mHealth for Diabetes:Will It Be the Next Big Thing?

What is the Article about ?
  • Compares Current and Future trends of mobile health to monitor patients  with Diabetes : a pandemic. 
What are the main points of the article ?
  • What is m-health ?
  • How can m-health be used for diabetes ?
  • Outcomes of using mobile technologies
  • Future....

Reasons why classmates should read this article.
  • Relevant to the topic
  • Not too long , only 6 pages
  • The article is from 2013
  • Diabetes is a pandemic. 
    • 2003, 194 million people worldwide, had diabetes. 
    • By 2025, this number is projected to increase by 72% to 333 million. 
  • There is a greater need to monitor patients regularly so medical care can be delivered in a timely manner. 
  • Credible Source : Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
  • Graphs, Illustrations, Examples
  • Because you we all need a good grade for this course :)
What your classmates will learn from each article.
  • Application of e-health to overcome a pandemic. 



2. E-patient Connectivity and the Near Term Future


What is the Article about ?


  • importance of connectivity in a continuously advancing world, advances in health care technology and the challenges involved.

What are the main points of the article ?


    • Supply/demand mismatch
    • Technological advances-Miniaturization of sensors, wireless connectivity, communication tools,
    • Challenges-network connectivity and reliability, software development challenges,
    • Consumer Technologies Create Data Security and Privacy Concerns, Segmentation and Customization, The Changing Economic Landscape in Healthcare, Workflow Challenges
    Reasons why classmates should read this article.


    • addresses the role that connectivity and related applications will playing in the next generation of healthcare services
    What your classmates will learn from each article.



    ●     Modern e-technology in future

    3 E-health's future frontiers.


    What is the Article about ?

    • It talks about E-health  progress in Estonia, a developing country, explaining how expanding of Information and Communication Technology helps for future progress and possibilities to reach out the mass population.

    What are the main points of the article ?



    • Example of Estonia country, how they introduced e-health services and tools.  
    •  Issue of interoperability
    • E health strategist initiating and coordinating efforts for ehealth  


    Reasons why classmates should read this article.




    • Concise Information about particular developing countries
    • Short article
    • Methodical Approach to establish e-health services


    What your classmates will learn from each article.




    • Synchronizing patients information for the benefits patients and professionals
    • Importance of interoperability between the hospitals by providing e-ids
    • Role of doctors and healthcare professional for information exchange.
    • Significant use of mobile device and how to utilize it in developing countries for future collaboration of health services








    Sunday, March 8, 2015

    Explaining the importance of each source 

    Hiral 
    Trend and future direction in e-health my sub topic is strategic plan of organization or company. In my source is talk about American health information management association is one of the organizations in U.S.A which talking about its plans and core values and purpose. It's important because how it they sharing their mission and idea of vision and talking which area they are going to cover. They are giving much knowledge about their business, demographic, legislation/ regulation, political/ social, technological/science and others key trends.


    pages 6 to 11.

    Chintan
    The Internet Pharmacy is very important. In the 21st century, it has very limited use and can be utilize much more. Instead of fixing the problem and promoting it, government and respected organizations are working to disqualify it. These source is taken from WHO, which is well known non profit international organization. It also reflects how the member of WHO organization see this issue and what is their approach to this topic. Basically the source based on the findings of the global survey on eHealth and it discusses the challenges and advances on this issue.Internet and Human factors affecting E-health pages 10 to 14

    Puja
    The source of document is reliable source as it’s coming from Global IT organization that shows the yearly report. As it is very important for healthcare workers to know how to manage the growing data, the following document helps to understand about how the global IT organization works with the informatics and what are the current issues IT field is facing to manage information. It shows how the global IT usage has grown in past 10 years and how it will emerge into next 10-15 years, giving an overall idea to students about increase use of technology in future and issues that would lie in Healthcare field. Emerging issues of hyperconnected world
    pages 47 to 50

    Abu

    My subtopic is “Key Trends in eHealth to Propel Health Transformation and Education”. My source is important because information and communication technologies (ICT) is rapidly spreading globally and healthcare professionals should keep using the current technology. Subtopic is important to the student to know how eHealth is helping the health professionals and individuals to get the information about their illness, medication uses, and reach health professional from anywhere. The source explains how to transform eHealth to the healthcare professionals as well as for the individuals. The source about electronic health record, telehealth and telemonitoring. The source is important to explain the eHealth.

    Explanation of PDF Relevance

    HCM 934 - Health Information and Communication Systems - Weekend



    Swati Satish's PDF :  Ehealth in resource limited settings


    To explain relevance , would like to elaborate on the following :

    Which is the subtopic impt ?
    • A lot has been talked about new emerging technologies
      • Robotic Surgeries
      • Imaging
      • Diabetes Lens
      • Remote Monitoring of Patients
      • Fitbit and other sensors to monitor ones health
    • Million $$$ question do you think any of the above technologies are even relevant when the question in consideration is : DEVELOPING and UNDER DEVELOPED NATIONS? 
    What is the source about ? Explain the impt of each source ?

    • The document is a newsletter / publication by PATH.
    • PATH - An international nonprofit organization working towards global health innovation
    • PATH primarily works in Africa and Asia to tackle their greatest health needs.
    How does the source relate to the subtopic ?

    • The non profit organisation with its focus in developing countries and health seemed like a logical fit to the subtopic
    • The document talks about current and future trends in developing countries
    • Challenges and benefits of e-health in developing countries
    • Current interventions in e-health in developing countries
    Why is the source impt? If the source is from a larger doc , what is the doc about ?

    This version of the news letter by PATH talks about the following :



    CONCLUSION

    While advantages of ehealth, mhealth and other online tools is pretty evident and self explanatory one must do research to prove that such e initiatives are cost effective, provide great impact, easy to use, increase productivity and solve a problem !

    -------------------------------------
    --------------------------------

    Saturday, March 7, 2015

    Strategy for selecting reading material

    The following strategy will be used by the Trends and Future Directions Group :

    1. We will break our topic down into 6 subtopics. 

    2. The subtopics will be brainstormed within the group. Brainstorming will ensure to cover relevance of the topic and other key takeaways that we each had from the reading session.

    3. Once subtopics have been identified, we will each from our abundant resources select 4 pages each that best explain the subtopic.

    4. We will put together the 25 pages and share with the rest of the class the complete list.

    Swati - Ehealth in Resource limited settings

    Hiral - Core Values of Organisations working towards Trends in E-health

    Puja - Emerging issues of hyperconnected world

    Chintan - Internet and Human factors affecting E-health


    Swathi - Current Applications and Future Directions of e-health

    Abu - Key trends in e-health to propel health transformation and education




    Puja's Individual Post



    PDF Title:   The Impact of eHealth on the Quality and Safety of Healthcare
    PDF Title: Benchmarking Deployment of eHealth among General Practitioner (2013)
    PDF Title:Trends "future directions"eHealth review 2013 Filetype:pdf
    PDF Title: Trends "future directions"eHealth review 2013 Filetype:pdf

    Page numbers:
    Page #        From 113 to 170
    Page #:    From 8 to 65
    Page #:    From 373 to423
    Page #:    From 47 to97

    List of links:
    Link:           http://www.ehealthnews.eu/images/stories/Impact_of_eHealth.pdf
    Link:      http://www.sanita.ilsole24ore.com/pdf2010/Sanita2/_Oggetti_Correlati/Documenti/Lavoro-e-Professione/Finalreport.pdf?uuid=c5283d94-dabc-11e3-84c0-4486710f8eb3
    Link:      https://www.academia.edu/2866970/Health_Communication_Trend_s_and_Future_Directions
    Link: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/Global_IT_Report_2012.pdf


    First Blog

    The three most helpful things
    1. Importance of information exchange and interoperability:
    Even today, both in developed and developing countries, their is difficulty in having easy access and exchange of patient's information, which is the most important aspect of healthcare. Adopting new ways to exchange information through the use of technology can, not only help in better organizing the information but also to provide right information about the right patient at right time by elimination of errors.
    2. Electronics facilitate better record keeping:
    Electronic Health record keeping serves, to be the most effective and efficient way to build records that helps in better formatting and securing of data. Major advantage of building electronic health record is to acquire more details about patients assessment, history, prescriptions and other information, with well- integrated and efficient way that gives universal access; reducing the processing time of clinical data. Electronic collection of data also, helps care providers to have standardized information about patients, that increases better monitoring and utilization of the clinical data, billing optimization, the quality of cost and increase in workers productivity.
    3. Potential drawbacks of electronic/ computerized medical records:
    Use of technology does prove helpful in providing undeniable  benefits to medical record keeping, but it also does have some risk factors attached, like tampering of records, fraudulent entries, unauthorized disclosure of patients records, crashes of servers, lack of technical experiences and accidental deletion of data. Hence, the major concern, eHealth based systematic medical industry has, is to overcome malpractices both ethical and technical to improve quality of care, patient safety and public health.


    Second Blog
    The three important things:
    1. An Integrated Framework:
    To understand how among different countries, has been able to adopt eHealth, a set of model or framework was developed that would, undertake gaining of better knowledge of individual, meso and macro level variables of different countries. Under this framework, a set of questionnaire was develop that targeted both the measurement and explanatory dimension that would give in depth knowledge and statistical data for performing analysis. Again the main focus, for the model to work was by putting a set of questionnaire that would measure the availability and usage specific infrastructure that concerned Electronic Health Records, Health Information Exchange, Telehealth and Personal Health Record.
    2.Difference between stages of awareness and use of eHealth systems:
    Among the test conducted between 2007 and 2013 in the study, it showed increase use of computers, which is more likely with the awareness and availability of the technology. Also, there was a substantial increase in many other factors, like giving out ePrescriptions, electronically lab reports and use of computers during consultations. This changes in the functionalities related to the storage of patients medical records, usage of technology to make appointments, interact through emails, transfer of prescriptions, and other functions; to make optimum use of technology for easy and effective way to deal with medical services between the countries globally. Also, the study shows how the graph of availability and adoption of these information exchange and use of technology has evolved throughout these years.

    3. Dimensions of overall score:
    The whole survey was conducted to analyze the data, about how well the eHealth systematics, like use of  electronic storage of individual patients data, use of computers during consulting patient, decision support from other care providers, prescription to pharmacy and many other functionalities have grown to analyze the comparability among the different countries that shows the progress of eHealth system, in changing trends of future medical system.

    Third Blog
    Importance of collaboration of health information and bioinformatics   
    Bio informatics involves variety of skills for the processing, storage, analysis and modeling of many types of biological data requires an understanding of complex biological systems and their quantitative data.  Thus with the advancement with the technology it has opened doors to support the automation of modern instruments that holds huge amount of biomedical data.  These not only assist clinicians for better patient care but also, overcome the hurdles consisting of other associated demands like analyzing of data, societal and ethical issues and other cost effective and improved management of health information.
     Relation of Bioinformatics and Health Communication
     Altman (2001) defines bioinformatics as “the study of how information is represented and transmitted in biological systems, starting at the molecular level”. And according to the Witte and associates (1996), health communication is defined as “the exchange, transmission, perception, and/or internalization of health-related information, within varying social and physical environments, regarding factors that influence health and/or health-related behaviors”. This highlights health communication that represents multidisciplinary side of communication that involves different levels of analysis.  However, both bioinformatics and health communication are works parallel in where, bioinformatics targets on its core biomedical research, through the technological channels, clinical, public health whereas health communication have relatively more focus on two way interaction with in-person communication, non-internet based mass-media that identifies with the direct interest of the population.
    Access to Healthcare
    The most challenging aspect of healthcare is to get access of the health care services, and with digital and electronic media it has become easy to face such challenges especially for the uninsured and other population. Moreover, access to health services encompasses four components: coverage, services, timeliness, and workforce. Therefore, better interactive information application program should be provided in public places, including schools that give consumer-patients with access to health information, diagnoses, and treatments. Also, more focus should to design a universal model that could meet the needs of low literacy and incomes, and who are unable to access broadband networks.



    Fourth blog
    Emerging Issues for our Hyperconnected World
    Realizing that with the fast growing internet usage and its applications specially with technologies like sensor, nano or payment arrangements in the market gives out an exponential  growth of stored as well as transmitted data that has strength of expanding with the use of networks. Here is, the research consultancy IDC considered that, in 2010, the amount of data transmitted around the world exceeded 1 zettabyte for the first time, while estimating that the size of the digital universe now doubles every two years. Hence there is an increasing and significant new investments are needed in many forms of information infrastructure. There are also issues that lies at role of regulators that calls for improving and updating infrastructure, content and many telecommunication regulators with different approached by national governments. With the explosive growth in growth forecast for connected devices, numbering and addressing issues has become a major concern in providing all these network-enabled devices with their own addresses. Hence there are significant issues that are surrounded for getting access and use of digital management under eHealth systematics.
    Setting collaborative principles for all the operating systematics:
    To come up with a broader way to approach different issues, steps should be taken that allow operators to manage traffic with high levels of transparency toward customers, this will require operators to provide a high-quality best-effort service with minimal speeds, allow operators to provide differentiated services to edge players that share the same physical infrastructure. Again, with the high demand, operators will need to price services flexibly to achieve the levels of cash flow that will allow them to make the infrastructure investments. Also, with the given need for increased massive expansion of the Internet, regulators should consider implementing approaches that lower the cost of inputs controlled by government policies, such as the cost of spectrum and rights of way.
    Transformative effect of mobile broadband
    To improve the reach, productivity, and outcomes within the healthcare sector, the combination of highly personalized and pervasive experience that enables individual with mobile smartphones and other always-on, always-connected devices could be used for a transformative way to bring more easily, quickly, and cost-effectively bring about the benefits associated with access to comprehensive healthcare services to their citizen.



    Chintan's Individual Post


    Trends "future directions" Healthcare introduction Filetype:pdf

    • GLOBAL TRENDS 2030: ALTERNATIVE WORLDS, Page 1-50




    Trends "future directions" Healthcare introduction Filetype:pdf

    • GLOBAL TRENDS 2030: ALTERNATIVE WORLDS, Page 51-100




    Trends "future directions" Healthcare overview Filetype:pdf

    •  Data Mining Applications in Healthcare, Page 1-9

    • Current Status of Drug Delivery Technologies and Future Directions, Page 1-14

    • Medicinal use of cannabis in the United States: Historical perspectives, current trends, and future directions  Page 1-16

    • The Survey of Data Mining Applications And Feature Scope, Page 1-12




    Trends "future directions" Ehealth Introduction Filetype:pdf   

    • Safety and security on the Internet. Challenges and advances in Member States, Page 1-60


    First important thing I learned is about future prediction on individual empowerment. During the next 15-20 years, individual empowerment will jump substantially. It is expected that in next 2 decade, there will be rapid poverty reduction and high growth of middle class, increase d literacy and drastic improvement in health care.  These factors will change the social and economic fabric at the global level and empower the individual. 

    Second thing I learned about the diffusion of global power in next 2 decades. As per the prediction, Asia will surpass the North America and Europe in terms of GDP, military and technology spending, population size and consumption power. China will become largest economy surpassing US economy between 2025 and 2030. Economies of Japan, Russia and Europe are expected to decline. The future trends shows the world will be divide over multipolar power rather than concentrated around superpower.

    Finally the third useful thing I learned is about the changing demographic pattern and its impact in the next 2 decades. By 2030, world population will cross over 8.3 billion people. One of the major will be aging population. West countries will have higher aging population compare to developing countries like India and China. Aging countries have to fight to maintain their economic power and will be dependent on skilled and unskilled labor migrants.



    First important thing I learned about the growing need of food, water and energy. Food, water and energy demand will go up by 35, 40 and 50 percent compare to now due to growing global population and changing consumption pattern of consistently expanding middle class. Trend shows that climate change will be an impeding factor to make availability of these resources.
    Some part of the world will be hit hard and could become dependent on the other country.

    I also learned about the change in the climate model by 2030. Data shows extreme effect will be on weather and ecosystem and humans will be impacted hard. It is expected that increase in the extreme weather events like floods, draught, tornados, glacial lake outbreaks, heat waves etc. And this pattern will continue till the new equilibrium will be established. It will be interesting to see that how the disaster risk management department cope with these changing conditions in next few decades.

    Finally, the third important thing I learned about the growing lethal technologies. In the next two decades, there will be a wider spectrum of more accessible weapons of war like bioterror weapons, cyber strike technology or GPS based precision strike instrument. Growing interconnectivity of devices and software, including wider use of cloud and cyber system will increase the vulnerability of attack on country like US, which are technologically advanced.



    First important thing I learned is about the use of data mining in healthcare field. Data mining has its application over all the fields, but in the healthcare its use is very unique. In the healthcare field, there is huge amount of data. It is too complex to handle and analyze these data with traditional method. Data mining makes it easier and converts data into useful information and applicable into decision making process. Today it is useful in major areas like management of healthcare, diagnosis and treatment evaluation, and detection of fraud and abuse. 

    I also learned that future of pharmaceutical drugs will be very different than today. Today mainly drugs are administered in human body via oral, intramuscular, trans-dermal and drugs mainly composed of chemical molecules. With the expanded knowledge of human genome, biotech companies are rapidly developing protein and peptide based drugs. In the next 20 years, half of the newly invented drugs will be protein based bio-drugs. Although these bio-drugs are expected to be safer than traditional chemical drugs, the challenge for the scientist is to decide route of administration or delivery system. Because these are bio-products, they does not cross cell membrane easily and they easily get degrade in the acidic environment like stomach. 

    Finally, the third helpful thing I learned about the future of cannabis. In Unites States of America, cannabis used robustly in its early times, but in 1937 it was banned based on the recommendation of American Medical Association. Despite of its negative impact on the society, American College of Physicians, NIH and other reputed organization has shown interest for its resuming use for the medical purpose. Research is going towards the separating the therapeutic effect of cannabis from its unwanted effects.  



    First helpful thing I learnt was about the internet pharmacy. I am professional pharmacist, so first thing caught my eyes was about the internet pharmacy. Internet Pharmacy for an outsider is very lucrative source to buy medications especially the drugs that has street value like Roxycodone, Dilaudid, or Viagra, or the drugs that can be misused or abused like methamphetamine or Sudafed. First internet pharmacy was opened in January 1999, and estimate says as of now it has become an industry of $50 to $75 billion. The most dangerous thing about internet pharmacy is it bypassed the law and other legislative measures and could impose the great risk on consumer and public health.

    I also learnt about how internet affects the life of adolescent and children and how their safety has compromised in the virtual and online world. Due to easy and private access of internet to children and adolescent, it has become new and prominent medium for child exploitation, child maltreatment and sexual and emotional abuse. It provides child predators instant access to its potential victim. Chat rooms, online games and social networking sites are few examples which provide a platform to this kind of criminal minded people to play with the psychology of children and teenagers without disclosing their original identity and motives.

    Finally, the third important thing I learnt is about the use of online health information in the developing countries like India, China and Mexico. In the developing countries online health information can play a big role because in the healthcare field information it can solve lot of problem. For example, latest epidemic Ebola. Due to online and social media, almost everybody knows that Ebola virus is contagious and how does it spread what should be done to prevent it. The problem in developing countries is that most of the online content is written in English. Almost all the popular health website like Pub med, WebMD, Druds.com, Medscape are in English. People in developing countries who are not good at English cannot utilize this important health information available online.

    Group PDF Review

    Swati's Review of PDF



    First Blog Post

    The first pdf is a series published by PATH. The article touched upon ehealth initiatives in low and middle income countries, advantages and disadvantages of ehealth and mhealth pertaining to resources limited areas, as well as trends and future directions of ehealth in such countries. The key takeaway for me from this article was insightful details about ehealth in developing countries. During our presentation we spoke about sensors and robotics that form the future of ehealth in developed nations. What we failed to see was that what is currently a way of live in developed countries (internet , computers, mobile phones with cellular) isn't accessible in many developing countries. The author highlights some practical reasons why ehealth cannot be easily implemented in some countries. Only 23% of households in developing nations have computers and only about 11% of the population in Africa have access to Internet. He does continue to say that there is definitely a greater scope of welcoming mobile health initiatives since 75% of world wide wireless subscribers are from the developing nations. In conclusion, whats important to note is that while advantages of ehealth, mhealth and other online tools is pretty evident and self explanatory one must do research to prove that such e initiatives are cost effective, provide great impact, easy to use, increase productivity and solve a problem !

    The second pdf I read was a set of slides presented by Dr Claudia Pagliari in University of Edinburgh. The main aim of the presentation was to provide an overview of trends and future directions of ehealth specifically pertaining to ehealth technologies for patients. I like the way the author has presented a change in definition of ehealth with advancement of technologies over the years. The document emphasizes on patient empowerment with the implementation of ehealth. This was the main point of focus even in our presentation where we contrasted how the times are changing from a physician centric approach to a patient centric approach. The document is quite inline with what we had researched for our presentation and bolsters our theory by listing out various use cases for ehealth ; some of which were new to me. In addition, the author talks about how some of the technologies  that were thought to be impossible a few years ago such as kiosks to monitor a persons health and other remote monitoring techniques are in fact a way of live of today. The author also provided a graph to explain the evolution of technologies and resistance in adoption by public. 

    Finally, the third most helpful takeaway for me was also from the second PDF. The author highlights some key future directions of ehealth. However, what makes this document stand out are the illustrations provided. Each of the future directions have been explained via screenshots of websites and other resources which help in visualizing the key areas such as online health , health records, telehealth, health literacy through media and remote monitoring of patients health. Similar to what was discussed in class , the document shines light on Internet, the availability of wealth of information and how to deal with this information overload. This was quite interesting to me , since as someone who heavily uses internet for her assignment and in the past for her masters thesis , I definitely ran into the problem of screening information from the trusted sources versus the ones against untrusted sources. Some key search techniques were discussed with future improvements that would help people "search" better.  

    Conclusion

    I would like to conclude that reading these two documents, provided me with some wholesome insight into the topic. It  taught me reasons to why a technology might fail despite seeming flashy and useful in the first pass. One must exercise caution and evaluate the feasibility of new technologies and forms of ehealth prior to forcing implementation

    Second Blog Post


    The first document is a technology watch series that surveys the information and communication technologies landscape each year proving an overview of e-health. The key takeaway from this article was Author's emphasis on interoperability among various healthcare systems. Having worked in the medical industry for the past 3 years, I have realized that there are many vendors out there working towards creating technologies for the betterment of the society. While this is certainly helpful , the physicians and patients are definitely overwhelmed by the options. Each vendor has their own proprietary system thus making it difficult for the customer to use the products conveniently while integrated with another vendors product. For instance, there are many vendors developing Electronic health records (EHR). As important as it is to digitize documents in a hospital, it is equally important for these documents to be easily accessed by a physician in another hospital using a completely different system. The author explains this by describing the different standards used for communication between healthcare technologies and EHR systems. To name a few, IEEE, Hl7, DICOM, ITU-T. The existence of such standardized messaging formats and agencies developing these standards provide guidelines to vendors in creating products compatible across the board thus truly helping consumers (patients and healthcare providers) solve a problem !

    The second paper I read was a paper submitted for a conference in 2013. The paper mostly focused on remote monitoring of patients health and empowering patients to have better control over their health by giving them access to the data. The author presented data from two studies targeting obesity and diabetes. The solution to both the diseases were e-health or m-health related. Developing apps and social media to monitor ones health helps both the patient and physician. I have been working in the remote care sector for the past couple of years. In my experience the most important aspect of remote monitoring is that when the patient is constantly looking at their health information they will pay a closer attention to maintaining good health. The key takeaway for me from this article was the Author emphasizing the importance of e-health to be adopted by both the health care provider and the physician. This is an interesting perspective, in the sense that it differentiates the application of technology from a physicians point of view and a patients'. Leading Electronic Health Records vendor - Epic has proved the same point. EPIC EHR system has a patient facing app as well as an app for hospitals. App for hospitals is used for record keeping while the patient facing app allows patients access to their own information thus making them conscious of their health.

    The third paper is a document by the Information and Communications technology Council in Canada. The paper like others highlighted e health, a history of its origin, barriers to its adoption, detailed view of its application in Canada. The article again provided evidence that the health care industry is moving towards a patient-centric approach. This is what we touched upon in our presentation in class. To me what stood out about this article was its focus on employment opportunities that e-health will create. This to me was a fresh perspective. In this day and age the general concern has been with computers and robots taking over what once human beings did and thus cutting down opportunities. The paper contrasts this theory / myth by providing a list of job profiles that will be created with the advent of e-health. This definitely helps with faster adoption of e-health and m-health technologies by government and the public.

    CONCLUSION

    Reading all the papers as part of assignment was quite insightful. It provided fresh perspective on topics that have been analysed in great detail by various professors and industry specialists. 


    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    PUJA'S BLOGS

    First Blog
    The three most helpful things1. Importance of information exchange and interoperability:
    Even today, both in developed and developing countries, their is difficulty in having easy access and exchange of patient's information, which is the most important aspect of healthcare. Adopting new ways to exchange information through the use of technology can, not only help in better organizing the information but also to provide right information about the right patient at right time by elimination of errors.

    2. Electronics facilitate better record keeping:
    Electronic Health record keeping serves, to be the most effective and efficient way to build records that helps in better formatting and securing of data. Major advantage of building electronic health record is to acquire more details about patients assessment, history, prescriptions and other information, with well- integrated and efficient way that gives universal access; reducing the processing time of clinical data. Electronic collection of data also, helps care providers to have standardized information about patients, that increases better monitoring and utilization of the clinical data, billing optimization, the quality of cost and increase in workers productivity.

    3. Potential drawbacks of electronic/ computerized medical records:
    Use of technology does prove helpful in providing undeniable  benefits to medical record keeping, but it also does have some risk factors attached, like tampering of records, fraudulent entries, unauthorized disclosure of patients records, crashes of servers, lack of technical experiences and accidental deletion of data. Hence, the major concern, eHealth based systematic medical industry has, is to overcome malpractices both ethical and technical to improve quality of care, patient safety and public health.

    Second Blog

    The three important things:

    1. An Integrated Framework:
    To understand how among different countries, has been able to adopt eHealth, a set of model or framework was developed that would, undertake gaining of better knowledge of individual, meso and macro level variables of different countries. Under this framework, a set of questionnaire was develop that targeted both the measurement and explanatory dimension that would give in depth knowledge and statistical data for performing analysis. Again the main focus, for the model to work was by putting a set of questionnaire that would measure the availability and usage specific infrastructure that concerned Electronic Health Records, Health Information Exchange, Telehealth and Personal Health Record.

    2.Difference between stages of awareness and use of eHealth systems:
    Among the test conducted between 2007 and 2013 in the study, it showed increase use of computers, which is more likely with the awareness and availability of the technology. Also, there was a substantial increase in many other factors, like giving out ePrescriptions, electronically lab reports and use of computers during consultations. This changes in the functionalities related to the storage of patients medical records, usage of technology to make appointments, interact through emails, transfer of prescriptions, and other functions; to make optimum use of technology for easy and effective way to deal with medical services between the countries globally. Also, the study shows how the graph of availability and adoption of these information exchange and use of technology has evolved throughout these years.

    3. Dimensions of overall score:
    The whole survey was conducted to analyze the data, about how well the eHealth systematics, like use of  electronic storage of individual patients data, use of computers during consulting patient, decision support from other care providers, prescription to pharmacy and many other functionalities have grown to analyze the comparability among the different countries that shows the progress of eHealth system, in changing trends of future medical system.

    Third Blog
    Importance of collaboration of health information and bioinformatics   
    Bio informatics involves variety of skills for the processing, storage, analysis and modeling of many types of biological data requires an understanding of complex biological systems and their quantitative data.  Thus with the advancement with the technology it has opened doors to support the automation of modern instruments that holds huge amount of biomedical data.  These not only assist clinicians for better patient care but also, overcome the hurdles consisting of other associated demands like analyzing of data, societal and ethical issues and other cost effective and improved management of health information.

     Relation of Bioinformatics and Health Communication
     Altman (2001) defines bioinformatics as “the study of how information is represented and transmitted in biological systems, starting at the molecular level”. And according to the Witte and associates (1996), health communication is defined as “the exchange, transmission, perception, and/or internalization of health-related information, within varying social and physical environments, regarding factors that influence health and/or health-related behaviors”. This highlights health communication that represents multidisciplinary side of communication that involves different levels of analysis.  However, both bioinformatics and health communication are works parallel in where, bioinformatics targets on its core biomedical research, through the technological channels, clinical, public health whereas health communication have relatively more focus on two way interaction with in-person communication, non-internet based mass-media that identifies with the direct interest of the population.

    Access to Healthcare
    The most challenging aspect of healthcare is to get access of the health care services, and with digital and electronic media it has become easy to face such challenges especially for the uninsured and other population. Moreover, access to health services encompasses four components: coverage, services, timeliness, and workforce. Therefore, better interactive information application program should be provided in public places, including schools that give consumer-patients with access to health information, diagnoses, and treatments. Also, more focus should to design a universal model that could meet the needs of low literacy and incomes, and who are unable to access broadband networks.


    Fourth blog
    Emerging Issues for our Hyperconnected World
    Realizing that with the fast growing internet usage and its applications specially with technologies like sensor, nano or payment arrangements in the market gives out an exponential  growth of stored as well as transmitted data that has strength of expanding with the use of networks. Here is, the research consultancy IDC considered that, in 2010, the amount of data transmitted around the world exceeded 1 zettabyte for the first time, while estimating that the size of the digital universe now doubles every two years. Hence there is an increasing and significant new investments are needed in many forms of information infrastructure. There are also issues that lies at role of regulators that calls for improving and updating infrastructure, content and many telecommunication regulators with different approached by national governments. With the explosive growth in growth forecast for connected devices, numbering and addressing issues has become a major concern in providing all these network-enabled devices with their own addresses. Hence there are significant issues that are surrounded for getting access and use of digital management under eHealth systematics.

    Setting collaborative principles for all the operating systematics:
    To come up with a broader way to approach different issues, steps should be taken that allow operators to manage traffic with high levels of transparency toward customers, this will require operators to provide a high-quality best-effort service with minimal speeds, allow operators to provide differentiated services to edge players that share the same physical infrastructure. Again, with the high demand, operators will need to price services flexibly to achieve the levels of cash flow that will allow them to make the infrastructure investments. Also, with the given need for increased massive expansion of the Internet, regulators should consider implementing approaches that lower the cost of inputs controlled by government policies, such as the cost of spectrum and rights of way.

    Transformative effect of mobile broadband
    To improve the reach, productivity, and outcomes within the healthcare sector, the combination of highly personalized and pervasive experience that enables individual with mobile smartphones and other always-on, always-connected devices could be used for a transformative way to bring more easily, quickly, and cost-effectively bring about the benefits associated with access to comprehensive healthcare services to their citizen. 

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    Chintan's Blogs

    Blog 1

    First important thing I learned is about future prediction on individual empowerment. During the next 15-20 years, individual empowerment will jump substantially. It is expected that in next 2 decade, there will be rapid poverty reduction and high growth of middle class, increase d literacy and drastic improvement in health care.  These factors will change the social and economic fabric at the global level and empower the individual. 

    Second thing I learned about the diffusion of global power in next 2 decades. As per the prediction, Asia will surpass the North America and Europe in terms of GDP, military and technology spending, population size and consumption power. China will become largest economy surpassing US economy between 2025 and 2030. Economies of Japan, Russia and Europe are expected to decline. The future trends shows the world will be divide over multipolar power rather than concentrated around superpower.

    Finally the third useful thing I learned is about the changing demographic pattern and its impact in the next 2 decades. By 2030, world population will cross over 8.3 billion people. One of the major will be aging population. West countries will have higher aging population compare to developing countries like India and China. Aging countries have to fight to maintain their economic power and will be dependent on skilled and unskilled labor migrants.


    Blog 2

    First important thing I learned about the growing need of food, water and energy. Food, water and energy demand will go up by 35, 40 and 50 percent compare to now due to growing global population and changing consumption pattern of consistently expanding middle class. Trend shows that climate change will be an impeding factor to make availability of these resources.
    Some part of the world will be hit hard and could become dependent on the other country.

    I also learned about the change in the climate model by 2030. Data shows extreme effect will be on weather and ecosystem and humans will be impacted hard. It is expected that increase in the extreme weather events like floods, draught, tornados, glacial lake outbreaks, heat waves etc. And this pattern will continue till the new equilibrium will be established. It will be interesting to see that how the disaster risk management department cope with these changing conditions in next few decades.

    Finally, the third important thing I learned about the growing lethal technologies. In the next two decades, there will be a wider spectrum of more accessible weapons of war like bioterror weapons, cyber strike technology or GPS based precision strike instrument. Growing interconnectivity of devices and software, including wider use of cloud and cyber system will increase the vulnerability of attack on country like US, which are technologically advanced.


    Blog 3

    First important thing I learned is about the use of data mining in healthcare field. Data mining has its application over all the fields, but in the healthcare its use is very unique. In the healthcare field, there is huge amount of data. It is too complex to handle and analyze these data with traditional method. Data mining makes it easier and converts data into useful information and applicable into decision making process. Today it is useful in major areas like management of healthcare, diagnosis and treatment evaluation, and detection of fraud and abuse. 

    I also learned that future of pharmaceutical drugs will be very different than today. Today mainly drugs are administered in human body via oral, intramuscular, trans-dermal and drugs mainly composed of chemical molecules. With the expanded knowledge of human genome, biotech companies are rapidly developing protein and peptide based drugs. In the next 20 years, half of the newly invented drugs will be protein based bio-drugs. Although these bio-drugs are expected to be safer than traditional chemical drugs, the challenge for the scientist is to decide route of administration or delivery system. Because these are bio-products, they does not cross cell membrane easily and they easily get degrade in the acidic environment like stomach. 

    Finally, the third helpful thing I learned about the future of cannabis. In Unites States of America, cannabis used robustly in its early times, but in 1937 it was banned based on the recommendation of American Medical Association. Despite of its negative impact on the society, American College of Physicians, NIH and other reputed organization has shown interest for its resuming use for the medical purpose. Research is going towards the separating the therapeutic effect of cannabis from its unwanted effects.  

    Blog 4

    First helpful thing I learnt was about the internet pharmacy. I am professional pharmacist, so first thing caught my eyes was about the internet pharmacy. Internet Pharmacy for an outsider is very lucrative source to buy medications especially the drugs that has street value like Roxycodone, Dilaudid, or Viagra, or the drugs that can be misused or abused like methamphetamine or Sudafed. First internet pharmacy was opened in January 1999, and estimate says as of now it has become an industry of $50 to $75 billion. The most dangerous thing about internet pharmacy is it bypassed the law and other legislative measures and could impose the great risk on consumer and public health.

    I also learnt about how internet affects the life of adolescent and children and how their safety has compromised in the virtual and online world. Due to easy and private access of internet to children and adolescent, it has become new and prominent medium for child exploitation, child maltreatment and sexual and emotional abuse. It provides child predators instant access to its potential victim. Chat rooms, online games and social networking sites are few examples which provide a platform to this kind of criminal minded people to play with the psychology of children and teenagers without disclosing their original identity and motives.

    Finally, the third important thing I learnt is about the use of online health information in the developing countries like India, China and Mexico. In the developing countries online health information can play a big role because in the healthcare field information it can solve lot of problem. For example, latest epidemic Ebola. Due to online and social media, almost everybody knows that Ebola virus is contagious and how does it spread what should be done to prevent it. The problem in developing countries is that most of the online content is written in English. Almost all the popular health website like Pub med, WebMD, Druds.com, Medscape are in English. People in developing countries who are not good at English cannot utilize this important health information available online.

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    Hiral's Review of PDF

    Blog1

    E-health is one of major subject in many colleges. They consider e-health has great market and opportunities in the medical field. Input to e-health system consists of online health educator, online social networks and empowerment. Outputs of e-health systems are improve health literacy and customer satisfaction. With empowerment at individual level, it will recognize, promote and enhance ability to meet there own needs. E-health provides long lasting relationship between patients and healthcare professionals. Social network and social support should be introduced in e-health. It will help patients to find other patients with same problem and they can discuss or share their views through it.

    Overview of e-health covers following topic: Benefits, challenges and barriers they face, strategies, data integrities policies, online learning experience, how two organizations will connect, they provided different web site related to health professional code conduct, data integrity and HIPAA related knowledge they should from web search, technology related to it and its application.


    E-health aligns health information technology and electronic standards programs .we gain idea that eHealth can provide higher quality care and cheap cost. For health care professional efficiency and effectiveness of services is become easy to provide with help of e-health. E-health will provide reliable and accurate information to the healthcare industry. Online health educator play vital role in e-health system. They provide assistance or guidance to patients when they have issues interacting with e-healthcare systems.


    Blog2

    One of critical healthcare related issues facing the Unites States is how to find physicians and other healthcare professionals to meet the ever increasing needs of growing patient population. Hence there is need for effective and efficient workforce planning model (WPM).  The key components of WPM are Data i.e. current workforce and future needs, Strategic i.e. overarching workforce planning, Planning i.e. create pipeline to fill future workforce needs and evaluation i.e. verify effectiveness of planning.

     We learn how to collect data about current workforce like their demographic, education, age, gender, ethnicity of employees and patients. In strategies they consider identifying stakeholders and understanding and addressing the Business needs. In planning we learn about how they go with looking for new hires, how to develop partnership with various organization, retaining workforce, developing mentoring and training programs.  We learn that evaluation is important to understand achievement in the planning of workforce, and the ability to understand success of that plan.



    With the advancement in technology we can now collect more and more data at very granular level. This is also true in healthcare industry.  Precise and timely data can when transferred in to instant access for intelligence and future prediction will help organization to be successful in healthcare industry.  Healthcare professionals are now able to use these data more effectively. American Health information Management Association (AHIMA) and many other organizations have started strategic planning.  They have identified different goals to help other organization and HIM professionals for strategic planning. These goals included transform data into intelligence, good leaders in Healthcare sector, information governance, new innovation in HIM research and guide customers to improve health with managing their health information. 


    Abu's blog



    Blog 1

    1.      Benefit of eHealth: eHealth is providing health information to the general public and important helpful information to the professionals as well as alerting and supporting the administration for privacy. Personal digital assistants (PDAs) have already been used successfully for data collection and easy to access medical information for anybody. In case of emergency, professionals can provide care if they find identity to any unconscious person who is unable to sign consent. European Commission developed wearable computing devices which able to monitor the health of patients working in extreme stress situations. eHealth eliminate or limited medications errors. For example, after getting an electronic order from a physician, the order needs to be verified by a pharmacist or a nurse. Before administering medication, the nurse has to pull medications from the medicine cart by using pass code and using the name of the patient. Then the medication has to be scanned to make sure the patient is getting the right dose.
    I also learned the challenges of implementing eHealth globally and it’s also combination of four pdf files I read.
    2.      Challenges: Developed countries like England, Canada, United States, France, Australia, Austria, Singapore, Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia invested heavily in eHealth. Those developed countries generate so many programs to deploy e-prescription, appointment scheduling, sharing health records via messages, unambiguous methods of data entry, connects hospitals, pharmacies, GP practices, labs. But the challenge is for the developing countries where essential needs like water and sanitation, housing, food, and basic education are not being met. So the problem with the low-income countries that they might invest limited resources in dazzling equipment. The greatest challenge is to convince people that eHealth is a helpful system to improve health performance, provide more knowledge, and more control to make decision to get better outcome for patient. Another challenge is user’s resistance to adopt with a new system in an organizational environment. Institutional pressures like coercive, mimetic, and normative pressure on an individual user’s may resist a technology.  Other factors like government pressure or public opinion, affect user behavior. For example, German Electronic Health Card, an eHealth program which has been resisted by the resident medical doctors for years. eHealth sometimes fails for insufficient or misaligned funding, unclear leadership, or conflicts between stakeholders, standardization and interoperability, and poor communication of the need of eHealth.
    Finally, I learned about the future plan of different organizations to implement eHealth and this paragraph is also combination of four pdf files.


    3.      Hope: World Health Organization and other organizations working together to spread the benefit of eHealth to the developing countries all over the world. The Fifty-eight World Health Assembly adopted resolution WHA58.28 to establish an eHealth strategy for World Health Organization. This resolution urged the countries to find out appropriate eHealth plan for their countries. WHO also launched the Global Observatory for eHealth to study how it impact the health of the people of those countries by providing support to national governments and international bodies in improving policies, practice, and management of eHealth. WHO is playing a central role and monitoring the development of eHealth worldwide especially in low and middle income countries. eHealth is a global phenomenon and those countries are likely to achieve the best results in the implementation of eHealth if they learn from other country or regional successes as well as failure.

    Blog 2

    1.       One helpful thing that I learned in this reading was the role of mobile health and the paragraph contains of  http://www.cyberjournals.com/Papers/Feb2014/08.pdf pdf files. The mobile health providing health education and awareness in the developing world. It will reduce the mortality in developing countries if mHealth enhance the efficiency and the accessibility in healthcare system. Also, mHealth can play an important role to control communicable and chronic diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, heart diseases, and diabetes. It can increase the awareness and change behavior to halt the spread of those infectious diseases. In some Muslim countries where males and females interaction are prohibited, mHealth can play an important role without presenting face-to-face contact. mHealth can solve so many problems without conflicting with sensitive issues like family planning, elderly, disabled, acute shortage of healthcare workers.

    2.      I also learned the Key Trends in eHealth to Propel Health Transformation and Education and the paragraph contains of http://ubcmj.com/pdf/ubcmj_5_2_2014_6-9.pdf . eHealth is reforming health system and provide training to the healthcare providers to utilize technologies into their practice. New technologies delivering healthcare at the door of the patients not only in urban areas but also in rural and remote areas. Now a day, it is difficult for the medical providers to keep latest evidence-based management of their patients without getting help from eHealth technology. It is easier to use eHealth technology like mobile phones, tablets to get information quickly, make best judgment, and provide care quickly. For example, British Columbia using a system helping residents to find out proper medication(s) to purchase. In addition, ICT provide communication between primary care physician with specialists and patients. Another example, a patient who had spinal fusion five years ago complain of pain in the spinal area and wanted to rule it out is there any problem. Primary care physician can order an X-ray using eHealth and can get the result electronically. PCP is able to consult with the specialist and can inform the patient about the current status. Moreover, mobile health like cell phone is widely used to monitor heart rate, oxygen saturation, pedometers, diabetes, pregnancy, and post-partum care guides.

    3.      Finally, I learned about the future plan of different organizations how to manage patient information globally using eHealth and this paragraph contains of http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/76794/1/9789241504645_eng.pdf  file. Different organizations established link between the individual and the data collected over time and to make those data available to multiple health care providers when needed. They are working to spread it globally to get information about any patient from anywhere of the world. Different types of models like Capability Maturity Model (CMM), Enterprise Architecture (EA), Interoperability Maturity Model (IMM), HIMSS EMR Adoption Model are effectively use in health information system. ICT is playing an important role in developing countries using limited resources to provide better use of information. ICT is keeping technology simple, relevant, and local to develop effectiveness of the technology. But to manage and share patient information globally, member states needs to facilitate the adoption of same health information system through skilled professionals.


    Swati's Blog

    Blog 1

    The main objective of the paper is to outline beyond blues messages about e mental health care programs. This is to improve access of people to mental health care. This helps to explain the role of beyond blues in the support of mental health care and also the role of it in research and evidence based practice in mental health care. This also provides an insight to key stakeholders about the delivery of e-health care programs.

    This article is about implementation through force or measure. How institutional [ressures shape national ehealth implementation programs. This study is on implantation of german electronic health card, ehealth program. The model being used is “Status Quo Bias Model”.  Based on the study, coercive institutional pressures negatively influence switching benefits and positively influence switching costs which could be an interpretation of not obeying the rules and regulations.

    This article focuses on mobihealth project, a fully loaded computer system that allows continuous monitoring of vital signs and these are transmitted in real time to health institutes using GPRS and UMTS networks. This is based on Body area network that allows personalization of signals. This was tried in European countries with much success. The countries are Germany, Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden. This article also focuses on challenges like powering on the devices always creates technical issues and the usefulness of the system.

    This article focuses on current and emerging technologies for preventing suicide. This paper discusses technology-based programs including interactive educational and social networking Web sites, e-mail outreach, and programs that use mobile devices and texting. It also discussed innovative applications such as virtual worlds, gaming, and text analysis that are currently being developed and they applied these to suicide prevention and outreach programs. This paper also discussed the pros and cons of technology-based applications and future directions for their use


    Blog 2

    This article discusses about the commitment of Australian government to establish the Broadband network nationally as they recognize the importance of high speed broadband for the economic growth and future of Australia. This pdf discusses the importance of digital economy, need for strategic action, and the role of government in this. This also discusses the foundations, innovation and regulatory frameworks of the government.

    This article discussed business digital confidence and skills, how to adopt and make a smart use of technology which in turn improves environment. This paper emphasizes on the use of digital media literacy to the community, benefits through online engagement. This technology could add 700, 000 jobs in Australia. This paper discussed about online banking all over the Australia and the nuber of customers who make use of these resources.

    This article also discussed about the interview with Australian broadcasting corporation’s digital innovation managers and directors. ABC Earth and ABC iview were discussed. Google maps and other digital technologies have been discussed. The importance of becoming mobile and re-emphasized the importance of digital online communication